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- ArisonArison
  ·2022-12-13
  Mark
  Witness history tonight! Humans may achieve controllable nuclear fusion for the first time
  史上首次，人类实现了核聚变反应的净能量增益。
  Witness history tonight! Humans may achieve controllable nuclear fusion for the first time
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- ArisonArison
  ·2021-06-01
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Humans may achieve controllable nuclear fusion for the first time","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1142903081","media":"新智元","summary":"史上首次，人类实现了核聚变反应的净能量增益。","content":"<p><html><head></head><body>The LLNL laboratory in the United States has achieved the net energy gain of nuclear fusion reaction for the first time, and the 'artificial sun' may come true.</p><p>Explosive news! For the first time in history, humans have achieved a net energy gain from nuclear fusion reactions.</p><p>Net power gain, i.e. the ratio of the fusion power generated to the power used to heat the plasma.</p><p>At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the United States, from an experimental nuclear fusion reactor, the nuclear fusion reaction produces more energy than the energy consumed in the process.</p><p>This means that mankind is one step closer to the goal of artificial sun.</p><p>And fossil fuels and traditional nuclear energy may withdraw from the stage of history!</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a280b51d3941d3bdddd6515ba74396bb\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"235\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>What does the net energy gain of nuclear fusion reaction mean?</p><p>What exactly is' nuclear fusion '?</p><p>Simply put, it is the process in which two light nuclei combine into a heavier nucleus and release huge energy.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/2bbcea8ce02bf4c17288e8ae01df97aa\" tg-width=\"445\" tg-height=\"407\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>We all know that all things grow by the sun, and the sun is the source of all life on earth. Where does the energy of the sun come from?</p><p>It's nuclear fusion.</p><p>In this thermonuclear reaction, two hydrogen atoms collide and polymerize into helium atoms, which have a slightly smaller mass than the original hydrogen atom.</p><p>Therefore, according to Einstein's iconic E = mc ² mass-energy equation, this mass difference will be converted into energy bursts.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c4c2167954e1c5113e6ee464805faaac\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"310\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>In the core of the sun, 620 million tons of hydrogen is fusing every second</p><p>This kind of energy enables us humans to survive.</p><p>Theoretically, with just a few grams of mixed reactants of deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium (super heavy hydrogen), it is possible to produce one tera (trillion) joule of energy, which is roughly the amount of energy required by a person in a developed world in 60 years.</p><p>Since nuclear fusion can produce such a large amount of energy, can we humans DIY this process ourselves and create an'artificial sun '?</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e722077106ea0d584d5bb6db4ea56358\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"353\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Yes, scientists have long been thinking that.</p><p>Since mankind started the research on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, how to utilize the energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions under controllable conditions has always been the ultimate goal of mankind (the principle of current nuclear power plants is nuclear fission reactions).</p><p>However, one of the biggest problems in using nuclear fusion is that the nuclear fusion process itself also consumes huge energy. How to make the energy released by the nuclear fusion reaction greater than the input energy and make this process sustainable?</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/835d6b7887636473df66fca6ab46e4bb\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"101\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Since the 1950s, countless physicists have been hoping to generate more energy from nuclear fusion reactions than they consume.</p><p>If this biggest problem is overcome, mankind will be able to obtain massive amounts of carbon-free clean energy for the first time in history, completely changing the future energy roadmap.</p><p>In other words, by then, there will be no more greenhouse gases produced by the combustion of coal and oil, no more dangerous and long-lasting radioactive waste-mankind will get'clean energy 'in the true sense!</p><p>Now, it seems that the first step of this puzzle has been solved.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/5b6f732ebbc0a20754abacddd79271e0\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"367\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>According to the Financial Times, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the United States achieved a'net energy gain 'from an experimental nuclear fusion reactor, allowing the nuclear fusion reaction to produce more energy than the energy consumed in the process.</p><p>According to sources, the energy produced by this reaction is 120% of the energy consumed, and at least two researchers have confirmed this news.</p><p>A senior fusion scientist told the Washington Post: 'For most of us, it's just a matter of time.'</p><p>The nuclear fusion reaction produced about 2.5 megajoules of energy, which is about 120% of the 2.1 megajoules of energy in the laser. At present, the specific data is still under further analysis.</p><p>Both spokespersons for the U.S. Department of Energy and LLNL said they could not comment on the Financial Times report at this time, but U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said a'major scientific breakthrough 'would be announced later today.</p><p>Nuclear fusion expert Dr. Arthur Turrell said, 'If this result is finally confirmed, we will witness a historic moment.'</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/5ea56a316cc4ff365c669e5d1210114d\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"440\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>All four reappearances failed, and human technology was locked up by Tomoko?</p><p>In fact, previous scientists have witnessed this miracle.</p><p>In August 2021, LLNL announced a major breakthrough: a record-breaking production of more than 10 trillion watts of high-energy fusion energy-although it lasted less than a second.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/2845edf5b2614779d1729eee22533995\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"361\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>After amplifying the initial photon pulse and dividing it into 192 ultraviolet laser beams, the device hits the target (containing frozen deuterium and tritium) with an energy of about 1.9 megajoules in less than one billionth of a second, creating temperatures and pressures that can only be seen in stars and thermonuclear bombs.</p><p>Faced with such powerful pulse energy, the nucleus will release a series of particles due to nuclear fusion, resulting in more fusion and more particles, thus forming a continuous fusion reaction.</p><p>By definition, a fusion reaction can successfully'ignite 'when it produces more energy than it consumes.</p><p>In the experiment in August, the energy generated through the nuclear fusion reaction already accounted for 70% of the input energy, which can be said to be very close to ignition.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e8cb23b036df88dd090744478a961256\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"323\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>However, in the next four experiments, the results at that time failed to be reproduced.</p><p>Among them, the best effect only reached 50% of the energy produced by the experiment in August.</p><p>In this regard, the researchers believe that since it is currently near the critical point of fusion'ignition ', small and accidental differences between different experiments will have a huge impact on the results.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/b43bc2b72fc22e4978066e99b2dbcde1\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"388\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>From the failure of repeated experiments, it is not difficult to see that researchers are still unable to accurately understand, manipulate and predict such high-energy experiments for a long time.</p><p>Even a friend 'methyl chloride' quipped: 'I think human technology may really be locked up by Tomoko'.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/87c1d7ea427dfd28fea6cf5d892af3a3\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"286\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Why is replica nuclear fusion so difficult?</p><p>Why is it so difficult for humans to replicate nuclear fusion?</p><p>This starts with the conditions of the nuclear fusion reaction.</p><p>Nuclear fusion reactions occur in a state of matter called plasma.</p><p>Plasma is a high-temperature charged gas composed of positive ions and free-moving electrons with unique properties different from solids, liquids, and gases.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a19b071272b80e5457cf98903d959cc8\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"210\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>From left to right: solid, liquid, gas, plasma</p><p>In order to achieve fusion, the nuclei need to collide with each other at extremely high temperatures of more than 10 million degrees Celsius, so that they can overcome their electrical repulsion against each other.</p><p>Once the nuclei have overcome this repulsive force and come into very close proximity to each other, the nuclear force attraction between them will exceed the electrical repulsive force, enabling them to achieve fusion.</p><p>To do this, numerous nuclei must be confined in a small space to increase the chance of collision.</p><p>In the sun, there is a huge gravity, and the extreme pressure generated by this gravity is creating conditions for the occurrence of nuclear fusion.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f42d247e84b90ff499b89685c1c3e56a\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"464\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Inside the sun, hydrogen atoms are heated to a plasma state, electrons no longer rotate around protons, and then the released nuclei fuse to form helium atoms and neutrons, releasing huge energy</p><p>However, the sun has a huge gravitational force that can induce nuclear fusion, but we humans do not have such natural conditions.</p><p>On Earth, if deuterium and tritium are to fuse, temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius and strong pressures are needed, and sufficient confinement is needed to keep the plasma and fusion reaction long enough.</p><p>Now, our human experiments are very close to the conditions required for nuclear fusion reactors, but we still need to improve the confinement performance and plasma stability.</p><p>Scientists from more than 50 countries are constantly experimenting with new materials and designing new technologies.</p><p>However, as we saw above, many experiments have achieved fusion without achieving a net power gain.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f88ef26349072d2a82742188b80c9cbe\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"412\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>And does this breakthrough mean that we will use pure clean energy? Actually, it doesn't.</p><p>First of all, even from the data point of view, the net energy increase ratio of 120% is still far from enough. According to scientists' estimates, if nuclear fusion technology is to be put into practice, the energy output must be at least several times higher than the energy of the incoming laser.</p><p>Moreover, the laser efficiency of NIF in this experiment is extremely low, that is to say, only a small part of the energy supplied to the laser in the experiment actually enters the laser beam and actually participates in the reaction that excites nuclear fusion, and most of the energy is wasted.</p><p>According to this conversion efficiency, even if future lasers (such as solid-state lasers) can further improve the conversion efficiency, it is still far away from 100% nuclear fusion applications.</p><p>But at least, we achieved a step from 0 to 1.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/fdb5ab30428c559220d4924918279b65\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"310\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>My country's new generation of'artificial sun 'has made progress again</p><p>It's not just American scientists who build artificial suns.</p><p>As early as the 1950s, my country also began research on controllable nuclear fusion.</p><p>Unlike the'inertial confinement fusion 'method adopted by LLNL, most nuclear fusion research so far has used circular reactors called' Tokamaks'.</p><p>Its principle is: inside the reactor, hydrogen gas is heated to a temperature high enough to strip electrons from the hydrogen nucleus, forming a plasma (positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electron cloud). The magnetic field traps the plasma inside the ring-shaped device, fusing the nuclei together, releasing energy in the form of neutrons and flying outward.</p><p>On December 4, 2020, a new generation of'artificial sun 'independently designed and built by the Southwest Institute of Physics of the Nuclear Industry of China National Nuclear Corporation was completed and achieved its first discharge.</p><p>In October 2022, related research made significant progress again-the HL-2M plasma current exceeded 1 million amps (1 megaampere).</p><p>This not only set a new record for the operation of controllable nuclear fusion devices in China, but also marked an important step towards fusion ignition in China's nuclear fusion research and development.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/10758fbeaeeb0b0a26ba8091be9bd554\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"369\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>HL-2M is currently the largest tokamak device with the highest parameters in my country.</p><p>Its core parameter is the plasma current intensity, and the plasma current reaching 1 million amperes (1 mega-ampere) is a necessary condition for its realization of fusion energy. In the future, the Tokamak fusion reactor must operate stably under mega-ampere current.</p><p>This breakthrough means that the device can operate conventionally at plasma currents exceeding 1 megaampere in the future, which is of great significance to my country's independent design and operation of fusion reactors.</p><p>To summarize</p><p>It is reported that the U.S. Department of Energy is expected to broadcast the major announcement of this experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) live at 7 a.m. Pacific Time on Tuesday, which is around 23 a.m. Beijing time tonight.</p><p>Will human history be changed forever? I'll see you in ten hours!</p><p></body></html></p>","source":"lsy1569730104218","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>Witness history tonight! Humans may achieve controllable nuclear fusion for the first time</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 12.5px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nWitness history tonight! Humans may achieve controllable nuclear fusion for the first time\n</h2>\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n<p class=\"head\">\n<strong class=\"h-name small\">新智元</strong><span class=\"h-time small\">2022-12-13 15:06</span>\n</p>\n</h4>\n</header>\n<article>\n<p><html><head></head><body>The LLNL laboratory in the United States has achieved the net energy gain of nuclear fusion reaction for the first time, and the 'artificial sun' may come true.</p><p>Explosive news! For the first time in history, humans have achieved a net energy gain from nuclear fusion reactions.</p><p>Net power gain, i.e. the ratio of the fusion power generated to the power used to heat the plasma.</p><p>At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the United States, from an experimental nuclear fusion reactor, the nuclear fusion reaction produces more energy than the energy consumed in the process.</p><p>This means that mankind is one step closer to the goal of artificial sun.</p><p>And fossil fuels and traditional nuclear energy may withdraw from the stage of history!</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a280b51d3941d3bdddd6515ba74396bb\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"235\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>What does the net energy gain of nuclear fusion reaction mean?</p><p>What exactly is' nuclear fusion '?</p><p>Simply put, it is the process in which two light nuclei combine into a heavier nucleus and release huge energy.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/2bbcea8ce02bf4c17288e8ae01df97aa\" tg-width=\"445\" tg-height=\"407\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>We all know that all things grow by the sun, and the sun is the source of all life on earth. Where does the energy of the sun come from?</p><p>It's nuclear fusion.</p><p>In this thermonuclear reaction, two hydrogen atoms collide and polymerize into helium atoms, which have a slightly smaller mass than the original hydrogen atom.</p><p>Therefore, according to Einstein's iconic E = mc ² mass-energy equation, this mass difference will be converted into energy bursts.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c4c2167954e1c5113e6ee464805faaac\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"310\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>In the core of the sun, 620 million tons of hydrogen is fusing every second</p><p>This kind of energy enables us humans to survive.</p><p>Theoretically, with just a few grams of mixed reactants of deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium (super heavy hydrogen), it is possible to produce one tera (trillion) joule of energy, which is roughly the amount of energy required by a person in a developed world in 60 years.</p><p>Since nuclear fusion can produce such a large amount of energy, can we humans DIY this process ourselves and create an'artificial sun '?</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e722077106ea0d584d5bb6db4ea56358\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"353\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Yes, scientists have long been thinking that.</p><p>Since mankind started the research on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, how to utilize the energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions under controllable conditions has always been the ultimate goal of mankind (the principle of current nuclear power plants is nuclear fission reactions).</p><p>However, one of the biggest problems in using nuclear fusion is that the nuclear fusion process itself also consumes huge energy. How to make the energy released by the nuclear fusion reaction greater than the input energy and make this process sustainable?</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/835d6b7887636473df66fca6ab46e4bb\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"101\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Since the 1950s, countless physicists have been hoping to generate more energy from nuclear fusion reactions than they consume.</p><p>If this biggest problem is overcome, mankind will be able to obtain massive amounts of carbon-free clean energy for the first time in history, completely changing the future energy roadmap.</p><p>In other words, by then, there will be no more greenhouse gases produced by the combustion of coal and oil, no more dangerous and long-lasting radioactive waste-mankind will get'clean energy 'in the true sense!</p><p>Now, it seems that the first step of this puzzle has been solved.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/5b6f732ebbc0a20754abacddd79271e0\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"367\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>According to the Financial Times, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the United States achieved a'net energy gain 'from an experimental nuclear fusion reactor, allowing the nuclear fusion reaction to produce more energy than the energy consumed in the process.</p><p>According to sources, the energy produced by this reaction is 120% of the energy consumed, and at least two researchers have confirmed this news.</p><p>A senior fusion scientist told the Washington Post: 'For most of us, it's just a matter of time.'</p><p>The nuclear fusion reaction produced about 2.5 megajoules of energy, which is about 120% of the 2.1 megajoules of energy in the laser. At present, the specific data is still under further analysis.</p><p>Both spokespersons for the U.S. Department of Energy and LLNL said they could not comment on the Financial Times report at this time, but U.S. Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm said a'major scientific breakthrough 'would be announced later today.</p><p>Nuclear fusion expert Dr. Arthur Turrell said, 'If this result is finally confirmed, we will witness a historic moment.'</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/5ea56a316cc4ff365c669e5d1210114d\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"440\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>All four reappearances failed, and human technology was locked up by Tomoko?</p><p>In fact, previous scientists have witnessed this miracle.</p><p>In August 2021, LLNL announced a major breakthrough: a record-breaking production of more than 10 trillion watts of high-energy fusion energy-although it lasted less than a second.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/2845edf5b2614779d1729eee22533995\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"361\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>After amplifying the initial photon pulse and dividing it into 192 ultraviolet laser beams, the device hits the target (containing frozen deuterium and tritium) with an energy of about 1.9 megajoules in less than one billionth of a second, creating temperatures and pressures that can only be seen in stars and thermonuclear bombs.</p><p>Faced with such powerful pulse energy, the nucleus will release a series of particles due to nuclear fusion, resulting in more fusion and more particles, thus forming a continuous fusion reaction.</p><p>By definition, a fusion reaction can successfully'ignite 'when it produces more energy than it consumes.</p><p>In the experiment in August, the energy generated through the nuclear fusion reaction already accounted for 70% of the input energy, which can be said to be very close to ignition.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e8cb23b036df88dd090744478a961256\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"323\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>However, in the next four experiments, the results at that time failed to be reproduced.</p><p>Among them, the best effect only reached 50% of the energy produced by the experiment in August.</p><p>In this regard, the researchers believe that since it is currently near the critical point of fusion'ignition ', small and accidental differences between different experiments will have a huge impact on the results.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/b43bc2b72fc22e4978066e99b2dbcde1\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"388\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>From the failure of repeated experiments, it is not difficult to see that researchers are still unable to accurately understand, manipulate and predict such high-energy experiments for a long time.</p><p>Even a friend 'methyl chloride' quipped: 'I think human technology may really be locked up by Tomoko'.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/87c1d7ea427dfd28fea6cf5d892af3a3\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"286\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Why is replica nuclear fusion so difficult?</p><p>Why is it so difficult for humans to replicate nuclear fusion?</p><p>This starts with the conditions of the nuclear fusion reaction.</p><p>Nuclear fusion reactions occur in a state of matter called plasma.</p><p>Plasma is a high-temperature charged gas composed of positive ions and free-moving electrons with unique properties different from solids, liquids, and gases.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a19b071272b80e5457cf98903d959cc8\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"210\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>From left to right: solid, liquid, gas, plasma</p><p>In order to achieve fusion, the nuclei need to collide with each other at extremely high temperatures of more than 10 million degrees Celsius, so that they can overcome their electrical repulsion against each other.</p><p>Once the nuclei have overcome this repulsive force and come into very close proximity to each other, the nuclear force attraction between them will exceed the electrical repulsive force, enabling them to achieve fusion.</p><p>To do this, numerous nuclei must be confined in a small space to increase the chance of collision.</p><p>In the sun, there is a huge gravity, and the extreme pressure generated by this gravity is creating conditions for the occurrence of nuclear fusion.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f42d247e84b90ff499b89685c1c3e56a\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"464\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>Inside the sun, hydrogen atoms are heated to a plasma state, electrons no longer rotate around protons, and then the released nuclei fuse to form helium atoms and neutrons, releasing huge energy</p><p>However, the sun has a huge gravitational force that can induce nuclear fusion, but we humans do not have such natural conditions.</p><p>On Earth, if deuterium and tritium are to fuse, temperatures exceeding 100 million degrees Celsius and strong pressures are needed, and sufficient confinement is needed to keep the plasma and fusion reaction long enough.</p><p>Now, our human experiments are very close to the conditions required for nuclear fusion reactors, but we still need to improve the confinement performance and plasma stability.</p><p>Scientists from more than 50 countries are constantly experimenting with new materials and designing new technologies.</p><p>However, as we saw above, many experiments have achieved fusion without achieving a net power gain.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f88ef26349072d2a82742188b80c9cbe\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"412\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>And does this breakthrough mean that we will use pure clean energy? Actually, it doesn't.</p><p>First of all, even from the data point of view, the net energy increase ratio of 120% is still far from enough. According to scientists' estimates, if nuclear fusion technology is to be put into practice, the energy output must be at least several times higher than the energy of the incoming laser.</p><p>Moreover, the laser efficiency of NIF in this experiment is extremely low, that is to say, only a small part of the energy supplied to the laser in the experiment actually enters the laser beam and actually participates in the reaction that excites nuclear fusion, and most of the energy is wasted.</p><p>According to this conversion efficiency, even if future lasers (such as solid-state lasers) can further improve the conversion efficiency, it is still far away from 100% nuclear fusion applications.</p><p>But at least, we achieved a step from 0 to 1.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/fdb5ab30428c559220d4924918279b65\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"310\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>My country's new generation of'artificial sun 'has made progress again</p><p>It's not just American scientists who build artificial suns.</p><p>As early as the 1950s, my country also began research on controllable nuclear fusion.</p><p>Unlike the'inertial confinement fusion 'method adopted by LLNL, most nuclear fusion research so far has used circular reactors called' Tokamaks'.</p><p>Its principle is: inside the reactor, hydrogen gas is heated to a temperature high enough to strip electrons from the hydrogen nucleus, forming a plasma (positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electron cloud). The magnetic field traps the plasma inside the ring-shaped device, fusing the nuclei together, releasing energy in the form of neutrons and flying outward.</p><p>On December 4, 2020, a new generation of'artificial sun 'independently designed and built by the Southwest Institute of Physics of the Nuclear Industry of China National Nuclear Corporation was completed and achieved its first discharge.</p><p>In October 2022, related research made significant progress again-the HL-2M plasma current exceeded 1 million amps (1 megaampere).</p><p>This not only set a new record for the operation of controllable nuclear fusion devices in China, but also marked an important step towards fusion ignition in China's nuclear fusion research and development.</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/10758fbeaeeb0b0a26ba8091be9bd554\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"369\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\" width=\"100%\" height=\"auto\"/></p><p>HL-2M is currently the largest tokamak device with the highest parameters in my country.</p><p>Its core parameter is the plasma current intensity, and the plasma current reaching 1 million amperes (1 mega-ampere) is a necessary condition for its realization of fusion energy. In the future, the Tokamak fusion reactor must operate stably under mega-ampere current.</p><p>This breakthrough means that the device can operate conventionally at plasma currents exceeding 1 megaampere in the future, which is of great significance to my country's independent design and operation of fusion reactors.</p><p>To summarize</p><p>It is reported that the U.S. Department of Energy is expected to broadcast the major announcement of this experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) live at 7 a.m. Pacific Time on Tuesday, which is around 23 a.m. Beijing time tonight.</p><p>Will human history be changed forever? I'll see you in ten hours!</p><p></body></html></p>\n<div class=\"bt-text\">\n\n\n<p> source：<a href=\"https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/csj/2022-12-13/doc-imxwpfct8782919.shtml\">新智元</a></p>\n\n\n</div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/108450a35b0e2fe4e83ffc890479c406","relate_stocks":{"BK1524":"核电"},"source_url":"https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/csj/2022-12-13/doc-imxwpfct8782919.shtml","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1142903081","content_text":"美国LLNL实验室首次实现核聚变反应的净能量增益，‘人造太阳’或将成真了。爆炸性消息！史上首次，人类实现了核聚变反应的净能量增益。净功率增益，即产生的聚变功率与用于加热等离子体的功率之比率。美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室（LLNL），从一个实验性核聚变反应堆中，让核聚变反应产生的能量多于了这一过程中消耗的能量。这就意味着，人类朝人造太阳的目标，又近了一步。而化石燃料和传统核能，或将退出历史的舞台！核聚变反应净能量增益，意味着什么‘核聚变’究竟是什么呢？简单地说，就是两个轻原子核结合成一个较重的原子核，并释放出巨大能量的过程。我们都知道，万物生长靠太阳，太阳是地球上一切生命的源泉，那太阳的能量来自于哪里呢？就是核聚变。在这个热核反应中，两个氢原子碰撞并聚合成氦原子，氦的质量比原来的氢原子略小。因此，根据爱因斯坦标志性的E=mc²质能方程，这个质量差会转化为能量爆发出来。在太阳的核心，每秒都在发生6.2亿吨氢的核聚变这种能量，使我们人类得以生存。理论上，只要有几克氘（重氢）和氚（超重氢）的混合反应物，就有可能产生一太（万亿）焦耳的能量，这大约是发达国家的一个人60年内所需的能量。既然核聚变能产生如此大的能量，那我们人类能不能自己DIY这个过程，造出个‘人造太阳’？没错，科学家们早就开始这么想了。自从人类开启了和平利用核能的研究，如何在可控的条件下利用核聚变反应产生的能量，一直是人类的终极目标（而目前的核电站，原理是核裂变反应）。但是，利用核聚变最大的难题之一是，核聚变过程本身也会消耗巨大的能量，该如何让核聚变反应释放出的能量大于输入的能量，而且让这个过程可持续呢？从上世纪50年代以来，无数的物理学家就一直希望从核聚变反应中产生比消耗更多的能量。如果攻克了这个最大的难题，人类将有可能史上首次获取海量无碳清洁能源，彻底改变未来的能源路线图。也就是说，到了那时，就不再有煤和石油燃烧产生的温室气体，不再有危险、长效的放射性废物——人类将得到真正意义上的‘清洁能源’！而现在看起来，这个难题的第一步已经被解决了。据英国《金融时报》报道，美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室（LLNL）从一个实验性核聚变反应堆中实现了‘净能量增益’，让核聚变反应产生的能量多于这一过程中消耗的能量。据消息人士透露，这次反应产生的能量是消耗能量的120%，至少有两名研究人员证实了这一消息。一位资深核聚变科学家对《华盛顿邮报》表示：‘对我们大多数人来说，这只是一个时间问题。’此次核聚变反应产生了大约2.5兆焦耳的能量，大约是激光器中2.1兆焦耳能量的120%，目前具体数据仍在进一步分析中。美国能源部和LLNL发言人均表示，目前无法评论《金融时报》的报道，不过美国能源部长Jennifer Granholm表示，将在今天晚些时候宣布一项‘重大科学突破’。核聚变专家亚瑟·特瑞尔（Arthur Turrell）博士表示，‘如果这个结果得到最终证实，我们将见证一个历史性的时刻。’四次复现全部失败，人类科技被智子锁死？其实，之前的科学家们，就曾见证过这一奇迹。2021年8月，LLNL曾宣布了一项重大突破：破纪录地产生了超过10万亿瓦的高能聚变能量——虽然时长只有一秒不到。装置将最初的光子脉冲放大并分成192道紫外线激光束后，在不到40亿分之一秒的时间内以大约1.9兆焦耳的能量击中目标（装着冷冻的氘和氚），创造出只有在恒星和热核弹中才能见到的温度和压力。面对如此强大的脉冲能量，原子核会因核聚变释放出一连串的粒子，并由此产生更多的聚变和更多的粒子，从而形成持续的聚变反应。根据定义，当聚变反应产生的能量超过其消耗的能量时，就能成功‘点火’。而在8月的试验中，通过核聚变反应产生的能量，已经占到了输入能量的70%，可以说非常接近点火了。然而，在接下来进行的4次试验中，都未能复现当时的结果。其中效果最好的一次，也只达到了8月份实验所产生能量的50%。对此，研究人员分析认为，由于目前正处于聚变‘点火’的临界点附近，所以不同实验间微小、偶然的差异都会对结果造成巨大影响。从重复实验的失败中不难看出，研究人员在很长一段时间内，仍然无法精准理解、操纵和预测这类高能实验。甚至知友‘氯甲烷’调侃称：‘我觉得人类科技可能真的被智子锁死了’。复刻核聚变为何如此之难？为什么人类想要复刻核聚变，会这么难呢？这就要从核聚变反应的条件说起。核聚变反应发生在一种叫作等离子体的物质状态中。等离子体是一种由正离子和自由移动的电子组成的高温带电气体，具有不同于固体、液体和气体的独特性质。从左至右：固体，液体，气体，等离子体为了实现聚变，原子核需要在超过1000万摄氏度的极高温度下相互碰撞，以使它们能够克服相互间的电排斥力。一旦原子核克服了这种排斥力，并进入彼此非常接近的范围，它们之间的核力吸引力将超过电排斥力，从而使它们能够实现聚变。要做到这一点，众多原子核必须被约束在一个小空间内，以增加碰撞的机会。在太阳中，存在巨大的引力，而这种引力所产生的极端压力，正为核聚变的发生创造了条件。在太阳内部，氢原子被加热到等离子体状态，电子不再围绕质子旋转，然后释放的原子核聚变形成氦原子和中子，释放出巨大能量然而，太阳中有着能够诱发核聚变的巨大引力，我们人类却没有这样的自然条件。在地球上，要想使氘和氚发生聚变，就需要超过1亿摄氏度的温度和强大的压力，还需要充分的约束，才能使等离子体和聚变反应保持足够长的时间。现在，我们人类的实验中已经非常接近核聚变反应堆所需的条件，但仍需改进约束性能和等离子体的稳定性。来自50多个国家的科学家们，在不断试验新材料，设计新技术。不过，就像我们在上文所看到的，许多实验已实现聚变，但并未实现净功率增益。而这次突破，是否意味着我们就要用上纯粹的清洁能源了呢？其实并没有。首先，即使单纯从数据上看，120%的能量净增比例仍然是远远不够的。据科学家估计，如果要将核聚变技术落地实用，能量输出必须至少比进入的激光器的能量高出几倍才有可能。而且，这次实验中的NIF的激光器效率极低，也就是说，实验中供给激光器的能量中，只有很小一部分实际进入了激光束中，实际参与了激发核聚变的反应中，大部分能量都被浪费掉了。按照这种转换效率，即使未来的激光器（比如固态激光器）能够进一步提升转换效率，但距离100%的核聚变应用，仍然是很遥远的事情。但是至少，我们实现了从0到1的一步。我国新一代‘人造太阳’再次取得进展建人造太阳的，不止是美国的科学家。早在20世纪50年代，我国也开始了可控核聚变的研究。与LLNL采用的‘惯性约束聚变’方法不同，迄今为止大多数核聚变研究都采用名为‘托卡马克’的圆环形反应堆。它的原理是：在反应堆内，将氢气加热到足够高的温度，让电子从氢原子核中剥离，形成等离子体（带正电的核和带负电的电子云）。磁场将等离子体困在圆环形状的装置内，将原子核融合在一起，以中子的形式释放出能量向外飞去。2020年12月4日，由中核集团核工业西南物理研究院自主设计、建造的新一代‘人造太阳’建成并实现了首次放电。2022年10月，相关研究再次取得重大进展——HL-2M等离子体电流突破100万安培（1兆安）。这不仅创造了我国可控核聚变装置运行新纪录，也标志着我国核聚变研发距离聚变点火迈进了重要一步。HL-2M是我国目前规模最大、参数最高的托卡马克装置。其核心参数是等离子体电流强度，而等离子体电流达到100万安培（1兆安）是其实现聚变能源的必要条件，未来托卡马克聚变堆必须在兆安级电流下稳定运行。此次突破意味着该装置未来可以在超过1兆安培的等离子体电流下常规运行，这对我国自主设计运行聚变堆具有重要意义。总结一下据悉，对于劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室（LLNL）的这次实验的重大公告，美国能源部预计将在美国太平洋时间周二上午7点，也就是北京时间的今晚23点左右进行直播。人类历史会被永远改变吗？十小时后见分晓！","news_type":1,"symbols_score_info":{}},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":838,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"EN","totalScore":0},{"id":119654285,"gmtCreate":1622544826647,"gmtModify":1704185993114,"author":{"id":"3452770849713930","authorId":"3452770849713930","name":"Arison","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/06295dd41239e2769e513fa4ce13a529","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3452770849713930","authorIdStr":"3452770849713930"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a 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